In recent years, a notable increase in cases of tularemia, commonly known as “rabbit fever,” has been observed across the United States. This rise in infections highlights the importance of awareness and prevention, particularly as public health challenges evolve. What is tularemia, and why should we be concerned about its resurgence?

What is Tularemia?

Tularemia is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis. This pathogen is highly infectious and can be transmitted to humans through various routes. The disease is of significant concern due to its potential severity and the ease with which it can spread.

How is Tularemia Transmitted?

The bacterium Francisella tularensis can enter the human body through multiple pathways, making it a versatile threat. Common transmission methods include:

• Tick and Deer Fly Bites: These insects can carry the bacterium and transmit it through their bites.

• Contact with Infected Animals: Handling or skinning animals such as rabbits or rodents that carry the bacterium can lead to infection.

• Contaminated Water: Drinking water contaminated with the bacterium is another potential source of infection.

• Aerosolized Particles: Inhaling particles containing the bacterium, for example, during landscaping activities, can also cause infection.

What Are the Symptoms of Tularemia?

The symptoms of tularemia can vary significantly depending on how the bacterium enters the body. Some common manifestations include:

• Ulceroglandular Form: This is the most common form, characterized by skin ulcers and swollen lymph glands.

• Glandular Form: Presents with swollen glands without ulcers.

• Oculoglandular Form: Causes eye infections, swelling, and discharge.

• Oropharyngeal Form: Results in sore throat, mouth ulcers, and swelling of lymph nodes in the neck.

• Pneumonic Form: The most serious form, leading to cough, chest pain, and difficulty breathing. This can occur if the bacterium is inhaled.

Who is Most at Risk?

Certain populations are more susceptible to tularemia. Notably, young children aged 5 to 9 years and older men aged 65 and over show higher incidence rates. Additionally, American Indian/Alaskan Native populations experience higher rates of infection compared to other racial groups. Understanding these demographics can help focus preventive measures.

How is Tularemia Treated?

Fortunately, tularemia is treatable with antibiotics. Early recognition and treatment are crucial to prevent complications such as pneumonia, which can develop if the disease is left unaddressed. The case fatality rate varies, typically below 2%, but can rise significantly if not treated promptly.

What Preventive Measures Can Be Taken?

Prevention is key in managing tularemia. Here are several steps individuals can take to reduce their risk of infection:

• Use Insect Repellent: Applying repellents can deter ticks and deer flies.

• Wear Protective Clothing: Long sleeves, pants, and socks can provide a physical barrier against insect bites.

• Safe Handling of Animals: Avoid handling sick or dead animals, and use gloves if contact is necessary.

• Avoid Contaminated Water: Ensure drinking water is from a safe and uncontaminated source.

• Be Cautious During Outdoor Activities: Be aware of the risk while gardening or mowing lawns, especially in areas known for tularemia presence.

As tularemia cases continue to rise, enhancing public awareness and reinforcing preventive measures are critical. Understanding this disease not only protects individuals but also contributes to broader public health efforts aimed at reducing infectious disease threats.